2. Microeconomics and the environment

Microeconomics is the part of economic science that studies how individuals and companies make decisions in the markets, aiming to efficiently allocate the scarce resources they have at hand. This definition already makes clear the relationship between microeconomics and the environment: given that natural systems are the source of resources used by humanity to produce goods, it is essential to understand exactly what natural resources are needed, how scarce they are and how we affect them. their supply and demand through decisions on the mode of production and consumption.

references and bibliography

1 Marshall, A. (1920). Principles of Economics (1920). Londres: Prometheus Books, 1997.

2 “The Hesitant Hand: Mill, Sidgwick, and the Evolution of the Theory of Market Failure”. History of Political Economy, vol. 39 (3), set. 2007.

3 Pigou, A.C. The Economics of Welfare (1920). Londres: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.

4 The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The Polluter-Principle – Analyses and Recommendations, 1992. http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=OCDE/GD(92)81&docLanguage=En

5 Coase, R. H. “The Problem of Social Cost”. The Journal of Law & Economics, vol. III, out. 1960.

6 Pinheiro, B.; Mello, C.; Moraes, T. A. “Injustiça geracional”. Portal Rio+20, 9 jun. 2012. rio20.net/pt-br/documentos/injustica-geracional/

7 Bereiter, B.; Eggleston, S.; Schmitt, J. et al. “Revision of the EPICA Dome C CO2 record from 800 to 600 kyr before present”. Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 42 (2), dez. 2014.

8 Oreskes, N.; Conway, E. Merchants of Doubt. Londres: Bloomsbury, 2011

9 World Bank. State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2020. Washington: World Bank, 2020.

10 Naims, H. “Economics of carbon dioxide capture and utilization— a supply and demand perspective”. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 23 (22), nov. 2016.

11 Nicolletti, M.; Lefèvre, G.B. “Precificação de carbono no Brasil: perspectivas e aprendizados a partir de uma simulação de mercado cap-andtrade”. Cadernos Adenauer XVII, n. 2, 2016.

12 Best, R.; Burke, P.J.; Jotzo, F. “Carbon Pricing Efficacy: Cross-Country Evidence”. Environmental & Resources Economics, vol. 77 (1), pp. 69–94, set. 2020.

13 Hardin, G. “The Tragedy of The Commons”. Science, vol. 162 (3.859), pp. 1.243–8, 13 dez. 1968.

14 Lloyd, W.F. (1833); Two lectures on the checks to population. Oxford: University of Oxford. Franklin Classics, 2018.

15 A íntegra do discurso de Elinor Ostrom ao receber o prêmio Nobel pode ser encontrada no site do prêmio. nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/ostrom_lecture.pdf

16 TEEB (2010). “A economia dos ecossistemas e da Biodiversidade: Integrando a economia da natureza. uma síntese da abordagem, conclusões e recomendações do TEEB”.

17 FGVces. Diretrizes empresariais de valoração econômica de serviços ecossistêmicos: Versão 3.0. São Paulo: Centro de Estudos em Sustentabilidade da Escola de Administração de Empresas de São Paulo da Fundação Getulio Vargas, 2019.